Doctors from the East: three routes into the profession with a non-EU diploma.

Doctors with diplomas from outside the European Union, mainly from Ukraine and Belarus,¹ work in Poland on three different legal bases. According to Statistics Poland (GUS), in 2024, 2,586 doctors with Ukrainian citizenship worked with patients, or 1.8% of all doctors in direct patient care.² Some of them went the full way: recognition of the diploma, internship and the final examination. Some work on the basis of a decision of the minister of health, which since 2020 has made it possible to skip recognition of the diploma. We describe how these routes work, how many doctors use them and what changed with the Polish language requirement, because of which the medical chambers declared several hundred licences to practise (PWZ) expired in 2026.

Three routes into the profession

The standard route is the same for all doctors with a non-EU diploma and leads to a full licence to practise. The other two were added in 2020, during the epidemic. Both begin with a decision of the minister of health, on the basis of which the regional medical council grants a licence to practise — limited in time.³

The Medical Verification Examination (Lekarski Egzamin Weryfikacyjny, LEW) as an alternative to recognition of the diploma (nostryfikacja) was introduced by the act of 16 July 2020, with effect from 1 January 2021.⁴ The conditional licence to practise (warunkowe prawo wykonywania zawodu) was added by the amendment of 14 August 2020, in force from 1 September 2020,⁵ and the minister’s consent for a defined scope of activities (zgoda ministra na określony zakres czynności) by the act of 28 October 2020, published on 28 November and in force from the following day.⁶ In 2022 the Act on assistance to citizens of Ukraine opened a separate route to a conditional licence for doctors from Ukraine.⁷

Where both simplified procedures sit among the other barriers to entering the profession is described in our text Restricted access to the profession, and where the staff shortages that these procedures were meant to fill come from — in the analysis Why Poland is short of doctors.

The standard route: nostrification or the LEW

Since 1 January 2021 nostrification of the diploma has not been necessary — instead, a candidate can pass the Medical Verification Examination (LEW).⁸ Nostrification nevertheless still exists, and more diplomas are recognised this way: according to data that Rynek Zdrowia collected from universities, in 2023 diplomas were recognised through nostrification for 557 people, while 93 passed the LEW.⁹ Universities differ greatly in the number of applications. The Medical University of Białystok recognised 1,269 diplomas out of 2,318 applications in 2020–2024, while the medical faculty of the university in Lublin did not receive a single application in 2020–2022.⁹

After recognition of the diploma or a passed LEW, the doctor completes a postgraduate internship (staż podyplomowy) and takes the Medical Final Examination (LEK). For a doctor who worked in Poland under a simplified procedure, the minister may recognise that time as equivalent to the internship.³

The LEW is prepared by the Medical Examinations Centre (CEM). The test has 200 single-choice questions;¹ a pass requires at least 60% of the points, the examination is held only in Polish, and each registration costs PLN 700 (≈ €159).¹⁰ CEM publishes the questions with the correct answers five years after the examination — sessions from 2021 onwards are available.¹¹

Only a small share of those who sit it pass. From 2021 to spring 2026, citizens of Belarus sat the LEW 1,925 times and 280 people passed; citizens of Ukraine 1,928 times, with 165 passes; Poles with a non-EU diploma 279 times, with 26 passes.¹ In total in these three groups that is 471 passes out of 4,132 attempts, or about 11.4%. This is our own calculation, excluding individual candidates of other nationalities, whom the source does not add up.

Since 2021 about 11% of attempts at the LEW examination have ended in a pass

1. Citizens of Belarus · 280 of 1,925 attempts14.5%
2. Poles with a non-EU diploma · 26 of 279 attempts9.3%
3. Citizens of Ukraine · 165 of 1,928 attempts8.6%
4. Three groups combined · 471 of 4,132 attempts11.4%

In the session of 26 May 2026, 28 of 92 citizens of Belarus, 12 of 89 citizens of Ukraine and 2 of 28 Poles with a non-EU diploma passed. In the lead of the same article Rzeczpospolita states that this year 8.8% of Ukrainians and 31.5% of Belarusians passed; the figures in the article give 13.5% and 30.4%. The newspaper does not explain this difference, which is why we give the numbers of people.¹

Graduates of Polish universities pass the Medical Final Examination at the first attempt in 95–97% of cases.¹² The comparison has limits: the LEK is taken by graduates right after their studies in Poland, and the LEW by doctors trained in another system who write the test in Polish. In addition, the LEW statistics count all attempts, including repeat ones.

The conditional licence to practise

The minister may grant consent for a conditional licence only during a state of epidemic threat or an epidemic. The requirements include a diploma from at least five years of medical studies outside the EU, full legal capacity, a state of health that allows the doctor to work and an impeccable ethical stance; the act does not require legalisation of the diploma or an apostille, and knowledge of Polish is not among the conditions. A doctor without a specialist title works under supervision. On the basis of the minister’s decision the regional council grants the licence within 30 days. It is valid for at most five years and cannot be extended.³

For citizens of Ukraine, a similar consent was provided for in Article 61 of the act of 12 March 2022.⁷ The act of 15 May 2024 extended the period in which it could be obtained to 32 months from 24 February 2022 — so applications were accepted until 24 October 2024.¹³ Since 5 March 2026 Article 61 has no longer been in force, and doctors who used it are covered by the provisions on the conditional licence in the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist.¹⁴

After five years the conditional licence expires. The Ministry of Health replies to doctors who ask for it to be extended that there is no legal basis for this: anyone who wants to keep working must have the diploma nostrified or pass the LEW.¹⁵ Some doctors are already taking this route. The director of the Department of Medical Workforce Development at the Ministry of Health said in June 2026 that the ministry issues many decisions recognising work in Poland as equivalent to the postgraduate internship.¹⁶

The minister’s consent for a scope of activities

The second simplified procedure is intended for specialists. It requires at least three years of work as a specialist in the given field within the last five years, a certificate from the hospital that wants to employ the doctor, and legalised diplomas — the minister may waive this condition when meeting it is impossible or considerably hindered. The minister may seek the opinion of a national or regional consultant. The licence covers the specified scope of activities, period and place of work, lasts at most five years without extension, and for the first year the doctor works under the supervision of a mentor.³

This procedure is still in operation, although fewer and fewer people use it. According to the explanatory memorandum to a draft act of June 2026, in 2025 the minister issued about 100 consents under it, and since 2020 more than 4,500 non-EU doctors in total have obtained rights under the simplified procedures.¹⁷

How many doctors work under the simplified procedures

The state of the register is given by the Supreme Medical Chamber (NIL) in half-yearly summaries. On 30 June 2026, 1,867 non-EU doctors held a conditional licence to practise, and 619 a licence for a defined scope of activities. A year and a half earlier the figures were 2,607 and 756.¹⁸¹⁹ Over the same period the number of licences to practise of foreigners outside the simplified procedures (excluding EU citizens) rose from 1,332 to 2,815. The summary does not say how many of them are doctors who previously worked under a simplified procedure.

In a year and a half, conditional licences fell by 28%, while regular licences of foreigners more than doubled

	31 Dec 2024	30 Jun 2026	Change
Conditional licence of a non-EU doctor (item 18)	2,607	1,867	−740 (−28%)
Licence of a non-EU doctor for a defined scope of activities (item 17)	756	619	−137 (−18%)
Licence of a foreign doctor, excluding EU citizens (items 13 and 14)	1,332	2,815	+1,483 (+111%)

The figure from the Ministry of Health’s explanatory memorandum and the NIL figures measure different things. The ministry adds up everyone who has obtained rights under a simplified procedure since 2020, while the NIL summary shows how many such licences are in the register on a given day — without those that have expired or been replaced by a full licence.

Polish language: the B1 requirement and expiries

Until 24 October 2024, for consent for a scope of activities a declaration of knowledge of Polish was sufficient, and for the conditional licence the act did not require knowledge of the language at all.²⁰³ The act of 15 May 2024 changed this in two ways. Anyone who applied for the minister’s consent later receives a licence to practise from the chamber only after presenting a document confirming Polish at least at B1 level. Anyone who had consent from an earlier application — under the conditional procedure, for a scope of activities or under the special act on Ukraine — had to present such a document by 1 May 2026 or lose the licence.¹³

According to Infor.pl, the obligation covered 2,321 doctors and 1,024 dentists.²¹ Before the deadline the Ministry of Health estimated that as many as about 2,000 doctors would not meet it, and the medical self-government about a thousand.²²

After 1 May the regional chambers began declaring licences to practise expired. In the first half of May the president of the Supreme Medical Council spoke of 146 people.²³ By 12 May there were 207 (Rynek Zdrowia, citing Rzeczpospolita, gave 208),¹⁵²⁴ at the beginning of June about 300,²² and according to NIL data as of 11 June — 441.²⁵ This is one growing series, not different measures. NIL estimates that in the end about 800 doctors will lose their licence.¹⁶ We did not find more recent data on expiries.

From 1 May to 11 June 2026 the chambers declared 441 licences to practise expired

1. by 12 May 2026 · Rzeczpospolita207
2. early June · Rynek Zdrowiaabout 300
3. by 11 June · NIL data441
4. eventually · NIL estimateabout 800

Where the most licences expired

In mid-May Rzeczpospolita gave a breakdown by voivodeship (province): the most in Masovian (mazowieckie, 107), followed by Warmian-Masurian (26), Podlaskie (19), Lublin (16), Silesian (15), Lower Silesian (8), Greater Poland (5) and Lesser Poland (4).¹⁵ These eight voivodeships add up to 200, although the newspaper gives a total of 207 — the source does not assign seven of the expiries.

By 12 May more than half of the expiries were in the Masovian voivodeship

1. Masovian107
2. Warmian-Masurian26
3. Podlaskie19
4. Lublin16
5. Silesian15
6. Lower Silesian8
7. Greater Poland5
8. Lesser Poland4
9. not assigned in the source7

A month later the picture was different. According to NIL data as of 11 June, the most licences were declared expired by the Lower Silesian Medical Chamber (129), followed by the chambers in Warsaw (99), Warmia and Masuria (52) and Greater Poland (42).²⁵ Some chambers, including the Greater Poland chamber, initially held back from declaring expiries.²² The breakdown therefore largely reflects the pace of proceedings in individual chambers, not only where these doctors worked. The data from May (voivodeships) and from June (chambers) are not directly comparable.

The director of the workforce department at the Ministry of Health judged that the loss could be a problem for individual hospitals with “just enough” staff, but not for the system as a whole. Rzeczpospolita also established that over four years the Patient Ombudsman received seven complaints about poor knowledge of Polish among foreign doctors.¹⁵

The veto and the legal position in autumn 2026

At the end of April 2026, just before the deadline, an amendment extending the deadline for the certificate by a year, to 1 May 2027, was added to an amendment of the Act on publicly funded healthcare services — which mainly concerned the funding of HIV treatment and hepatitis C diagnostics. The Sejm passed the act on 15 May and the Senate on 22 May 2026.²⁵ The Ministry of Health explained that the Polish language requirement remains, and that the longer deadline was due to the limited availability of examinations.²⁶ On 11 June 2026 the President of Poland vetoed the act, citing patient safety.²⁵

On 10 August 2026 the ministry sent the draft again — to the Standing Committee of the Council of Ministers, in its original version, without the provision on the deadline for doctors.²⁷ We found no information about the veto being overturned. The deadline of 1 May 2026 therefore still applies, and the chambers may continue to declare licences expired.

Draft: an end to consents for a scope of activities

The ministry also wants to close the second simplified procedure. Under a draft amendment to the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist (in the government’s list of legislative work: UD384), applications for consent under Article 7(2a)–(2b) will be accepted until 31 December 2026, and the minister will leave later ones unexamined. The explanatory memorandum states that the number of doctors in Poland is growing and that fewer and fewer consents are being issued. The draft also gives the chambers more tools to oversee doctors working under the simplified procedure, for example the possibility of asking the employer for a professional opinion. The Council of Ministers is to adopt it in the fourth quarter of 2026.¹⁷ It is still a draft and does not change the law in force.

Verification of diplomas and disputes with the chambers

Most of the allegations concern how the documents were checked. The registration committee of the Lower Silesian Medical Chamber wrote that for consent to be issued “a photocopy of the diploma or a photograph of the document is enough” (our translation), and described a person with a ministerial decision who, according to the chamber’s information, had not completed medical studies.²⁰ This is the chamber’s position, not a finding of an authority or a court. The act gives the minister a tool: in the case of justified doubts about the authenticity of documents, the minister may ask the Polish consul in the country where they were issued to verify them.³ We found no data on how often the minister uses this.

The medical self-government also gives its own figures. In June 2024 the NIL spokesperson said that the ministry had admitted to work about 400 people whom the regional chambers had refused a licence to practise because they did not know Polish.²⁸ In February 2025 the TVN programme “Uwaga!” described a person who had obtained a conditional licence on the basis of a diploma issued to someone else. The NIL spokesperson wrote that this person had never completed medical school and had issued about 9,000 prescriptions; the prosecutor’s office took up the case.²⁹ Both claims come from NIL, not from a court judgment. Nor was the case the reason intake was closed: applications stopped being accepted on 24 October 2024, four months before the broadcast, under the act of May 2024.¹³

When the chambers refused a licence despite the minister’s decision, doctors challenged their resolutions. According to the NIL spokesperson, more than 300 resolutions of the Supreme Medical Council went to court. Rynek Zdrowia analysed 24 judgments of the Voivodeship Administrative Court in Warsaw (WSA) from 2022–2025 — all in favour of the doctors. The court pointed out that the provision on the conditional licence deliberately omits the requirement of knowledge of Polish, and that the chamber acts solely on the basis of the minister’s decision.³⁰ The judgments are not final: the self-government appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court (NSA), and according to NIL, in April 2026 none of these cases had been decided.³¹

The last of these gaps would be filled by open pseudonymised data: total payments from public money to each person, under a permanent identifier, without names. This is the site’s demand. The direction of change for the route itself for non-EU doctors is described in our programme (in Polish).

Notes 31laws, data and statements we relied on

1. Rzeczpospolita, “Lekarze z Ukrainy i Białorusi oblewają polski egzamin medyczny” (“Doctors from Ukraine and Belarus fail the Polish medical examination”, in Polish), 16.06.2026 — CEM data prepared for the newspaper: attempts and passes since 2021 by citizenship, session of 26.05.2026; the LEW has 200 single-choice questions and a pass mark of 60%. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

2. Money.pl, “Ukraińscy lekarze ratują polskie szpitale. Brakuje chętnych do pracy” (“Ukrainian doctors are saving Polish hospitals. There is a shortage of people willing to work”, in Polish), 29.06.2026 — GUS data for 2024 on doctors with Ukrainian citizenship working with patients. ↩

3. Act of 5 December 1996 on the professions of doctor and dentist, consolidated text Dz.U. 2026 item 37 (Journal of Laws, in Polish) — Article 7(1) (recognition of the diploma or LEW), (1d) (work under a simplified procedure recognised as internship), (2a)–(2k) (minister’s consent for a scope of activities, consultant’s opinion, mentor’s supervision, at most 5 years), (3) (Polish language examination), (9)–(18b) (conditional licence during a state of epidemic threat or epidemic, without legalisation of the diploma, 30 days for the chamber to grant it, 5 years), (19)–(20) (submission of documents via the consul and verification of their authenticity), (23)–(24) (B1 certificate). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

4. Act of 16 July 2020 amending the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist and certain other acts, Dz.U. 2020 item 1291 (in Polish) — the Medical Verification Examination as an alternative to recognition of the diploma, from 1 January 2021. ↩

5. Act of 14 August 2020 amending certain acts in order to ensure the functioning of healthcare in connection with the COVID-19 epidemic and after its end, Dz.U. 2020 item 1493 (in Polish) — conditional licence to practise (Article 7(9) et seq.), from 1 September 2020. ↩

6. Act of 28 October 2020 amending certain acts in connection with counteracting crisis situations related to the occurrence of COVID-19, Dz.U. 2020 item 2112 (in Polish) — the minister’s consent for a defined scope of activities (Article 7(2a)–(2k)); published on 28 November 2020, in force from 29 November 2020. ↩

7. Act of 12 March 2022 on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of that state, Dz.U. 2022 item 583 (in Polish) — Article 61: consent of the minister of health for citizens of Ukraine to practise as doctors on the terms of Article 7(2a) points 3–5 and 7 of the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist. ↩ ↩²

8. Supreme Audit Office (NIK), “NIK o uznawaniu kwalifikacji cudzoziemców spoza UE” (“NIK on the recognition of qualifications of non-EU foreigners”, in Polish), 1.07.2021 — since 1 January 2021 nostrification is not necessary; the LEW is sufficient. ↩

9. Rynek Zdrowia, “Olbrzymie różnice. 3 nostryfikacje dyplomów w Lublinie, 1 269 w Białymstoku. Sprawdziliśmy dane” (“Huge differences. 3 diploma nostrifications in Lublin, 1,269 in Białystok. We checked the data”, in Polish), 24.04.2025 — university data for 2020–2024; 557 nostrifications and 93 LEW passes in 2023. ↩ ↩²

10. Medical Examinations Centre (CEM), “Lekarski Egzamin Weryfikacyjny — informacje” (“Medical Verification Examination: information”, in Polish) — pass mark 60% of the points, examination only in Polish, fee PLN 700. ↩

11. Medical Examinations Centre (CEM), LEW and LDEW test questions (in Polish) — publication of questions with answers 5 years after the examination (Article 6e(5) of the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist), sessions from 2021. ↩

12. Medical Examinations Centre (CEM), Medical Final Examination statistics (in Polish) — first-time candidates, examination in Polish, sessions from spring 2024: 97.2% of graduates of universities that have long run the programme and 95.4% from new programmes; calculations as in the analysis Why Poland is short of doctors. ↩

13. Act of 15 May 2024 amending the Act on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of that state and certain other acts, Dz.U. 2024 item 854 (in Polish) — Article 1 point 46 (Article 61 of the special act: 32 months instead of 28), Article 5 (new Article 7(1d), (23) and (24) of the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist), Article 30(1) and (4) (applications filed by 24 October 2024, B1 certificate by 1 May 2026 on pain of losing the licence to practise). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

14. Act of 23 January 2026 on phasing out the solutions arising from the Act on assistance to citizens of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of that state, Dz.U. 2026 item 203 (in Polish) — Article 17 point 44 (repeal of, among others, Article 61), Article 50(1) (persons with consent under Article 61 — provisions of Article 7(9)–(22) of the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist), Article 54 (entry into force on 5 March 2026). ↩

15. Rzeczpospolita, “Lekarze z Ukrainy tracą prawo do pracy. Szpitale alarmują: zabraknie rąk do leczenia” (“Doctors from Ukraine are losing the right to work. Hospitals warn: there will not be enough hands to treat patients”, in Polish), 13.05.2026 — 207 licences declared expired by 12 May by voivodeship, statements by the director of the Department of Medical Workforce Development at the Ministry of Health, complaints to the Patient Ombudsman. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

16. Rynek Zdrowia, “Efekt weta: nawet 800 lekarzy z Ukrainy straci uprawnienia. „Mogą nostryfikować dyplom”” (“Effect of the veto: as many as 800 doctors from Ukraine will lose their rights. ‘They can have their diploma nostrified’”, in Polish), 12.06.2026 — NIL estimate of about 800, statements by the director of a department at the Ministry of Health. ↩ ↩²

17. Chancellery of the Prime Minister, “Projekt ustawy o zmianie ustawy o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty oraz niektórych innych ustaw (UD384)” (“Draft act amending the Act on the professions of doctor and dentist and certain other acts”, in Polish), list of legislative work of the Council of Ministers, version of 18.08.2026 — planned date of adoption by the Council of Ministers: Q4 2026. In the draft of 3.06.2026: new wording of Article 7(2b) (applications until 31 December 2026); in the explanatory memorandum of 1.06.2026: more than 4,500 doctors under the simplified procedures, about 100 consents in 2025. ↩ ↩²

18. Supreme Medical Chamber (NIL), “Zestawienie ilościowe wg rodzaju PWZ” (summary no. 7), as of 30.06.2026 (“Numerical summary by type of licence to practise”, in Polish) — items 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19. ↩ ↩²

19. Supreme Medical Chamber (NIL), “Zestawienie ilościowe wg rodzaju PWZ” (summary no. 7), as of 31.12.2024 (“Numerical summary by type of licence to practise”, in Polish) — items 13, 14, 17 and 18. ↩

20. Lower Silesian Medical Chamber, “Prawo wykonywania zawodu lekarza/lekarza dentysty w tzw. trybach uproszczonych” (“The licence to practise as a doctor/dentist under the so-called simplified procedures”, in Polish) — paper by the doctors’ registration committee of the Lower Silesian Medical Council, data up to the end of 2024; rules before and after 24 October 2024. ↩ ↩²

21. Infor.pl, “Setki lekarzy z Ukrainy tracą prawo wykonywania zawodu. Muszą znać język polski” (“Hundreds of doctors from Ukraine are losing their licence to practise. They must know Polish”, in Polish), 19.05.2026 — number of doctors and dentists covered by the certificate requirement. ↩

22. Rynek Zdrowia, “Już 300 lekarzy spoza Unii straciło uprawnienia. Czekają na decyzję prezydenta” (“Already 300 non-EU doctors have lost their rights. They are waiting for the president’s decision”, in Polish), 2.06.2026 — about 300 licences declared expired, earlier estimates by the Ministry of Health and the self-government, chambers holding back from declaring expiries. ↩ ↩² ↩³

23. Rzeczpospolita, “Szef NRL: Jeżeli ktoś nie umie mówić po polsku, nie powinien pracować tu jako lekarz” (“Head of the NRL: if someone cannot speak Polish, they should not work here as a doctor”, in Polish), May 2026 — interview with the president of the Supreme Medical Council, 146 licences declared expired. ↩

24. Rynek Zdrowia, “Już 208 lekarzy z „wygaszonym” zawodem. Ministerstwo: dostajemy pierwsze pisma” (“Already 208 doctors with an ‘expired’ licence. Ministry: we are receiving the first letters”, in Polish), May 2026 — summary of the Rzeczpospolita article. ↩

25. Rzeczpospolita, “Prezydent wetuje lekarzy bez znajomości polskiego. Część medyków z Ukrainy straci prawo do wykonywania zawodu” (“The president vetoes doctors without knowledge of Polish. Some medics from Ukraine will lose their licence to practise”, in Polish), 11.06.2026 — the veto, dates on which the Sejm and Senate passed the act, NIL data as of 11 June: 441 licences declared expired, including by chamber. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

26. XYZ (PAP), “NIL: dotychczas 441 lekarzy spoza UE straciło prawo do wykonywania zawodu” (“NIL: so far 441 non-EU doctors have lost their licence to practise”, in Polish), 12.06.2026 — NIL statement (nostrification or the LEW after losing the licence) and the Ministry of Health’s explanation of the purpose of extending the deadline. ↩ ↩²

27. Rynek Zdrowia, “Było weto; teraz projekt wraca bez wrzutki o egzaminach językowych” (“There was a veto; now the draft returns without the add-on about language examinations”, in Polish), 10.08.2026 — draft sent to the Standing Committee of the Council of Ministers without the provision on the deadline for doctors. ↩

28. Rynek Zdrowia, “Skargi na lekarzy z Ukrainy incydentalne. NIL podaje własne liczby” (“Complaints about doctors from Ukraine are incidental. NIL gives its own figures”, in Polish), 4.06.2024 — statement by the NIL spokesperson on about 400 people. ↩

29. Gazeta Lekarska, “Wystawił 9 tysięcy recept na fałszywy dyplom z Ukrainy” (“Issued 9,000 prescriptions on a false diploma from Ukraine”, in Polish), 20.02.2025 — summary of the TVN “Uwaga!” report and NIL posts; case examined by the prosecutor’s office. ↩

30. Rynek Zdrowia, “Ponad 300 spraw przeciwko izbom. Lekarze z Ukrainy wygrywają w sądach” (“More than 300 cases against the chambers. Doctors from Ukraine win in court”, in Polish), 5.04.2026 — analysis of 24 judgments of the Voivodeship Administrative Court in Warsaw from 2022–2025, statement by the NIL spokesperson on more than 300 challenged resolutions. ↩

31. abcZdrowie, “Ponad 300 sporów z izbami lekarskimi. Ukraińscy medycy wygrywają w sądach” (“More than 300 disputes with medical chambers. Ukrainian medics win in court”, in Polish), 2.04.2026 — appeals by the self-government to the Supreme Administrative Court, no proceedings concluded with a final ruling. ↩